Qt Quick 3D - 快速球范例

演示如何使用 Quick3D 创建简单游戏。

This example demonstrates how to combine Qt Quick and Qt Quick 3D to create a simple 3D game. The goal of the game is to hit target boxes by throwing a ball. Points are given based on how fast and with how few balls all targets are down. Aim well but be quick!

The source code is in a single QML file to emphasize how compact this example is, considering it being a fully playable game. Let's start by looking at the main properties. These are quite self-explanatory, and you can easily adjust them to see how they affect the game.

// Scaling helpper
readonly property real px: 0.2 + Math.min(width, height) / 800
// This is false until the first game has started
property bool playingStarted: false
// This is true whenever game is on
property bool gameOn: false
// Sizes of our 3D models
readonly property real ballSize: 40
readonly property real targetSize: 120
// Playing time in seconds
readonly property real gameTime: 60
property real currentTime: 0
// Amount of balls per game
readonly property int gameBalls: 20
property int currentBalls: 0
// Scores
property int score: 0
property int timeBonus: 0
property int ballsBonus: 0
					

The game logic is implemented with JavaScript. View3D contains a function to start the game, which (re)initializes all required variables and creates the level targets. It also contains a function to calculate the final points when the game ends.

function createLevel1() {
    // Simple level of target items
    var level1 = [{ "x": 0, "y": 100, "z": -100, "points": 10 },
                  { "x": -300, "y": 100, "z": -400, "points": 10 },
                  { "x": 300, "y": 100, "z": -400, "points": 10 },
                  { "x": -200, "y": 400, "z": -600, "points": 20 },
                  { "x": 0, "y": 400, "z": -600, "points": 20 },
                  { "x": 200, "y": 400, "z": -600, "points": 20 },
                  { "x": 0, "y": 700, "z": -600, "points": 30 }];
    targetsNode.addTargets(level1);
}
function startGame() {
    ballModel.resetBall();
    targetsNode.resetTargets();
    createLevel1();
    score = timeBonus = ballsBonus = 0;
    currentBalls = gameBalls;
    gameOn = true;
    playingStarted = true;
}
function endGame() {
    if (targetsNode.currentTargets == 0) {
        // If we managed to get all targets down -> bonus points!
        timeBonus = currentTime;
        ballsBonus = currentBalls * 10;
    }
    gameOn = false;
}
					

The view also contains a PointLight node to light up the scene. It is positioned above the objects and set to cast shadows. Note how brightness is used to darken the playing area when then game has ended. The ambientColor property is used to soften the light contrast, as without it the bottom parts of the objects would be very dark.

PointLight {
    x: 400
    y: 1200
    castsShadow: true
    shadowMapQuality: Light.ShadowMapQualityHigh
    shadowFactor: 50
    quadraticFade: 2
    ambientColor: "#202020"
    brightness: gameOn ? 200 : 40
    Behavior on brightness {
        NumberAnimation {
            duration: 1000
            easing.type: Easing.InOutQuad
        }
    }
}
					

Throwing the ball uses Qt Quick MouseArea item, which is only enabled when game is on, and the ball isn't already moving.

MouseArea {
    anchors.fill: parent
    enabled: gameOn && !ballModel.ballMoving
    onPressed: {
        ballModel.moveBall(mouseX, mouseY);
    }
    onPositionChanged: {
        ballModel.moveBall(mouseX, mouseY);
    }
    onReleased: {
        ballModel.throwBall();
    }
}
					

Then we get into actual 3D models. Ball model is the biggest one, as it contains the logic how the ball behaves, its animations, and hit detection. Let's look into the ball properties first. Ball uses a built-in sphere model, scaled based on ballSize . We use DefaultMaterial 采用 diffuseMap 和 normalMap to create tennis ball appearance.

Model {
    id: ballModel
    property real directionX: 0
    property real directionY: 0
    // How many ms the ball flies
    readonly property real speed: 2000
    readonly property real ballScale: ballSize / 100
    property var moves: []
    readonly property int maxMoves: 5
    readonly property bool ballMoving: ballAnimation.running
    source: "#Sphere"
    scale: Qt.vector3d(ballScale, ballScale, ballScale)
    materials: DefaultMaterial {
        diffuseMap: Texture {
            source: "images/ball.jpg"
        }
        normalMap: Texture {
            source: "images/ball_n.jpg"
        }
        bumpAmount: 1.0
    }
					

When mouse is moved or touch-screen is swiped, last maxMoves positions before releasing the ball are stored into moves array. When user releases the ball, throwBall() gets called, which calculates the ball direction from these latest positions, and starts animating it.

function resetBall() {
    moves = [];
    x = 0;
    y = ballSize/2;
    z = 400;
}
function moveBall(posX, posY) {
    var pos = view3D.mapTo3DScene(Qt.vector3d(posX, posY, ballModel.z + ballSize));
    pos.y = Math.max(ballSize / 2, pos.y);
    var point = {"x": pos.x, "y": pos.y };
    moves.push(point);
    if (moves.length > maxMoves) moves.shift();
    // Apply position into ball model
    ballModel.x = pos.x;
    ballModel.y = pos.y;
}
function throwBall() {
    currentBalls--;
    var moveX = 0;
    var moveY = 0;
    if (moves.length >= 2) {
        var first = moves.shift();
        var last = moves.pop();
        moveX = last.x - first.x;
        moveY = last.y - first.y;
        if (moveY < 0) moveY = 0;
    }
    directionX = moveX * 20;
    directionY = moveY * 4;
    ballAnimation.start();
}
					

The ball position is animated separately among different axis. These animations use previously assigned directionX and directionY to define where the ball moves to, as well as speed for the ball flying time. Vertical position has two sequential animations, so we can use easing for ball bounce. When position animations finish, we'll check if there are still balls left or should the game end. Finally we animate also rotation of the ball, so user can throw curve balls.

ParallelAnimation {
    id: ballAnimation
    running: false
    // Move forward
    NumberAnimation {
        target: ballModel
        property: "z"
        duration: ballModel.speed
        to: -ballModel.directionY * 5
        easing.type: Easing.OutQuad
    }
    // Move up & down with a bounce
    SequentialAnimation {
        NumberAnimation {
            target: ballModel
            property: "y"
            duration: ballModel.speed * (1 / 3)
            to: ballModel.y + ballModel.directionY
            easing.type: Easing.OutQuad
        }
        NumberAnimation {
            target: ballModel
            property: "y"
            duration: ballModel.speed * (2 / 3)
            to: ballSize / 4
            easing.type: Easing.OutBounce
        }
    }
    // Move sideways
    NumberAnimation {
        target: ballModel
        property: "x"
        duration: ballModel.speed
        to: ballModel.x + ballModel.directionX
    }
    onFinished: {
        if (currentBalls <= 0)
            view3D.endGame();
        ballModel.resetBall();
    }
}
NumberAnimation on eulerRotation.z {
    running: ballModel.ballMoving
    loops: Animation.Infinite
    from: ballModel.directionX < 0 ? 0 : 720
    to: 360
    duration: 10000 / (2 + Math.abs(ballModel.directionX * 0.05))
}
					

Important part of the game playing is detecting when the ball hits the targets. Whenever ball z position changes, we loop through 目标 array and detect if ball is touching any of them using fuzzyEquals() . Whenever we detect a hit, we'll call target hit() function and check if all targets are down.

onZChanged: {
    // Loop through target items and detect collisions
    var hitMargin = ballSize / 2 + targetSize / 2;
    for (var i = 0; i < targetsNode.targets.length; ++i) {
        var target = targetsNode.targets[i];
        var targetPos = target.scenePosition;
        var hit = ballModel.scenePosition.fuzzyEquals(targetPos, hitMargin);
        if (hit) {
            target.hit();
            if (targetsNode.currentTargets <= 0)
                view3D.endGame();
        }
    }
}
					

Then we can switch to targets. Those are dynamically generated into a grouping node which contains helper functions and allows e.g. animating all targets as a group. Note that currentTargets property is needed because in QML arrays changes are not triggering bindings, so we will update the amount of targets manually.

Node {
    id: targetsNode
    property var targets: []
    property int currentTargets: 0
    function addTargets(items) {
        items.forEach(function (item) {
            let instance = targetComponent.createObject(
                    targetsNode, { "x": item.x, "startPosY": item.y, "z": item.z, "points": item.points});
            targets.push(instance);
        });
        currentTargets = targets.length;
    }
    function removeTarget(item) {
        var index = targets.indexOf(item);
        targets.splice(index, 1);
        currentTargets = targets.length;
    }
    function resetTargets() {
        while (targets.length > 0)
            targets.pop().destroy();
        currentTargets = targets.length;
    }
}
					

Targets are nodes with a cube model and a text element for showing points. Similarly to the ball model, we use diffuseMap and normalMap textures to create cubes with a Qt logo. When the hit is detected, we sequentially animate the cube away and show the points gained from this target. Once the animation is finished, we will dynamically remove the target node.

Component {
    id: targetComponent
    Node {
        id: targetNode
        property int points: 0
        property real hide: 0
        property real startPosY: 0
        property real posY: 0
        property real pointsOpacity: 0
        function hit() {
            targetsNode.removeTarget(this);
            score += points;
            hitAnimation.start();
            var burstPos = targetNode.mapPositionToScene(Qt.vector3d(0, 0, 0));
            hitParticleEmitter.burst(100, 200, burstPos);
        }
        y: startPosY + posY
        SequentialAnimation on posY {
            running: gameOn && !hitAnimation.running
            loops: Animation.Infinite
            NumberAnimation {
                from: 0
                to: 150
                duration: 3000
                easing.type: Easing.InOutQuad
            }
            NumberAnimation {
                to: 0
                duration: 1500
                easing.type: Easing.InOutQuad
            }
        }
        SequentialAnimation {
            id: hitAnimation
            NumberAnimation {
                target: targetNode
                property: "hide"
                to: 1
                duration: 800
                easing.type: Easing.InOutQuad
            }
            NumberAnimation {
                target: targetNode
                property: "pointsOpacity"
                to: 1
                duration: 1000
                easing.type: Easing.InOutQuad
            }
            NumberAnimation {
                target: targetNode
                property: "pointsOpacity"
                to: 0
                duration: 200
                easing.type: Easing.InOutQuad
            }
            ScriptAction {
                script: targetNode.destroy();
            }
        }
        Model {
            id: targetModel
            readonly property real targetScale: (1 + hide) * (targetSize / 100)
            source: "#Cube"
            scale: Qt.vector3d(targetScale, targetScale, targetScale)
            opacity: 0.99 - hide * 2
            materials: DefaultMaterial {
                diffuseMap: Texture {
                    source: "images/qt_logo.jpg"
                }
                normalMap: Texture {
                    source: "images/qt_logo_n.jpg"
                }
                bumpAmount: 1.0
            }
            Vector3dAnimation on eulerRotation {
                loops: Animation.Infinite
                duration: 5000
                from: Qt.vector3d(0, 0, 0)
                to: Qt.vector3d(360, 360, 360)
            }
        }
        Text {
            anchors.centerIn: parent
            scale: 1 + pointsOpacity
            opacity: pointsOpacity
            text: targetNode.points
            font.pixelSize: 60 * px
            color: "#808000"
            style: Text.Outline
            styleColor: "#f0f000"
        }
    }
}
					

We also need some models for the playing area. Ground model is a rectangle with grass textures scaled to fill a larger area.

Model {
    source: "#Rectangle"
    scale: Qt.vector3d(50, 50, 1)
    eulerRotation.x: -90
    materials: DefaultMaterial {
        diffuseMap: Texture {
            source: "images/grass.jpg"
            tilingModeHorizontal: Texture.Repeat
            tilingModeVertical: Texture.Repeat
            scaleU: 25.0
            scaleV: 25.0
        }
        normalMap: Texture {
            source: "images/grass_n.jpg"
        }
        bumpAmount: 0.6
    }
}
					

Sky model is further back, and we don't want shadows cast into the sky, so we set receivesShadows to false. For the sky we also add some stars using Qt Quick Particles module. Similarly to other 2D Qt Quick elements, also particles can be directly added inside 3D nodes.

Model {
    id: sky
    property real scaleX: 100
    property real scaleY: 20
    source: "#Rectangle"
    scale: Qt.vector3d(sky.scaleX, sky.scaleY, 1)
    position: Qt.vector3d(0, 960, -2000)
    // We don't want shadows casted into sky
    receivesShadows: false
    materials: DefaultMaterial {
        diffuseMap: Texture {
            source: "images/sky.jpg"
        }
    }
    // Star particles
    Node {
        z: 500
        y: 30
        // Stars are far away, scale up to half the resolution
        scale: Qt.vector3d(2 / sky.scaleX, 2 / sky.scaleY, 1)
        ParticleSystem {
            anchors.horizontalCenter: parent.horizontalCenter
            anchors.top: parent.top
            width: 3000
            height: 400
            ImageParticle {
                source: "qrc:///particleresources/star.png"
                rotationVariation: 360
                color: "#ffffa0"
                colorVariation: 0.1
            }
            Emitter {
                anchors.fill: parent
                emitRate: 4
                lifeSpan: 6000
                lifeSpanVariation: 4000
                size: 30
                sizeVariation: 20
            }
        }
    }
}
					

When we combine the above ground and sky models we get a 3D world like this:

Finally we add some sparkles for the targets, this time using the QtQuick3D.Particles3D 模块。 ParticleSystem3D 包含 SpriteParticle3D and we allocate 200 or them, which is enough for two simultaneous 100 particle bursts. ParticleEmitter3D defines the emitting properties for the particles like scale, rotation, velocity and lifeSpan. We also add Gravity3D affector to drag the particles down with a suitable magnitude.

ParticleSystem3D {
    id: psystem
    SpriteParticle3D {
        id: sprite
        sprite: Texture {
            source: "images/particle.png"
        }
        color: Qt.rgba(1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0)
        colorVariation: Qt.vector4d(0.4, 0.6, 0.0, 0.0)
        unifiedColorVariation: true
        maxAmount: 200
    }
    ParticleEmitter3D {
        id: hitParticleEmitter
        particle: sprite
        particleScale: 4.0
        particleScaleVariation: 2.0
        particleRotationVariation: Qt.vector3d(0, 0, 180)
        particleRotationVelocityVariation: Qt.vector3d(0, 0, 250)
        velocity: VectorDirection3D {
            direction: Qt.vector3d(0, 300, 0)
            directionVariation: Qt.vector3d(200, 150, 100)
        }
        lifeSpan: 800
        lifeSpanVariation: 200
        depthBias: 100
    }
    Gravity3D {
        magnitude: 600
    }
}
					

This ends the 3D parts of our game. There are still some 2D Qt Quick elements to show the time, scores, start button etc. which are important for the game, but not relevant for this Quick 3D documentation.

Now the ball is on your side (pun intended). Feel free to extend the game in different ways and generate new wacky levels!

文件：

• quickball/CMakeLists.txt
• quickball/main.cpp
• quickball/main.qml
• quickball/qml.qrc
• quickball/quickball.pro

图像：

• quickball/images/ball.jpg
• quickball/images/ball_icon.png
• quickball/images/ball_n.jpg
• quickball/images/grass.jpg
• quickball/images/grass_n.jpg
• quickball/images/particle.png
• quickball/images/qt_logo.jpg
• quickball/images/qt_logo_n.jpg
• quickball/images/quickball.png
• quickball/images/sky.jpg