特性绑定

An object's property can be assigned a static value which stays constant until it is explicitly assigned a new value. However, to make the fullest use of QML and its built-in support for dynamic object behaviors, most QML objects use 特性绑定 .

Property bindings are a core feature of QML that lets developers specify relationships between different object properties. When a property's dependencies change in value, the property is automatically updated according to the specified relationship.

Behind the scenes, the QML engine monitors the property's dependencies (that is, the variables in the binding expression). When a change is detected, the QML engine re-evaluates the binding expression and applies the new result to the property.

概述

To create a property binding, a property is assigned a JavaScript expression that evaluates to the desired value. At its simplest, a binding may be a reference to another property. Take the following example, where the blue Rectangle 's height is bound to the height of its parent:

Rectangle {
    width: 200; height: 200
    Rectangle {
        width: 100
        height: parent.height
        color: "blue"
    }
}

Whenever the height of the parent rectangle changes, the height of the blue rectangle automatically updates to be of the same value.

A binding can contain any valid JavaScript expression or statement, as QML uses a standards compliant JavaScript engine. Bindings can access object properties, call methods and use built-in JavaScript objects such as Date and 数学 . Below are other possible bindings for the previous example:

height: parent.height / 2
height: Math.min(parent.width, parent.height)
height: parent.height > 100 ? parent.height : parent.height/2
height: {
    if (parent.height > 100)
        return parent.height
    else
        return parent.height / 2
}
height: someMethodThatReturnsHeight()

Below is a more complex example involving more objects and types:

Column {
    id: column
    width: 200
    height: 200
    Rectangle {
        id: topRect
        width: Math.max(bottomRect.width, parent.width/2)
        height: (parent.height / 3) + 10
        color: "yellow"
        TextInput {
            id: myTextInput
            text: "Hello QML!"
        }
    }
    Rectangle {
        id: bottomRect
        width: 100
        height: 50
        color: myTextInput.text.length <= 10 ? "red" : "blue"
    }
}

In the previous example,

topRect.width depends on bottomRect.width and column.width
topRect.height depends on column.height
bottomRect.color depends on myTextInput.text.length

Syntactically, bindings are allowed to be of arbitrary complexity. However, if a binding is overly complex - such as involving multiple lines, or imperative loops - it could indicate that the binding is being used for more than describing property relationships. Complex bindings can reduce code performance, readability, and maintainability. It may be a good idea to redesign components that have complex bindings, or at least factor the binding out into a separate function. As a general rule, users should not rely on the evaluation order of bindings.

从 JavaScript 创建特性绑定

A property with a binding is automatically updated as necessary. However, if the property is later assigned a static value from a JavaScript statement, the binding will be removed.

例如， Rectangle below initially ensures that its height is always twice its width . However, when the space key is pressed, the current value of width*3 will be assigned to height 作为 static value. After that, height will remain fixed at this value, even if the width changes . The assignment of the static value removes the binding.

import QtQuick 2.0
Rectangle {
    width: 100
    height: width * 2
    focus: true
    Keys.onSpacePressed: {
        height = width * 3
    }
}

If the intention is to give the rectangle a fixed height and stop automatic updates, then this is not a problem. However, if the intention is to establish a new relationship between width and height , then the new binding expression must be wrapped in the Qt.binding() function instead:

import QtQuick 2.0
Rectangle {
    width: 100
    height: width * 2
    focus: true
    Keys.onSpacePressed: {
        height = Qt.binding(function() { return width * 3 })
    }
}

Now, after the space key is pressed, the rectangle's height will continue auto-updating to always be three times its width.

调试绑定的覆写

A common cause of bugs in QML applications is accidentally overwriting bindings with static values from JavaScript statements. To help developers track down problems of this kind, the QML engine is able to emit messages whenever a binding is lost due to imperative assignments.

In order to generate such messages, you need to enable the informational output for the qt.qml.binding.removal logging category, for instance by calling:

QLoggingCategory::setFilterRules(QStringLiteral("qt.qml.binding.removal.info=true"));

请参考 QLoggingCategory documentation for more information about enabling output from logging categories.

Note that is perfectly reasonable in some circumstances to overwrite bindings. Any message generated by the QML engine should be treated as a diagnostic aid, and not necessarily as evidence of a problem without further investigation.

使用 `this` 采用特性绑定

When creating a property binding from JavaScript, the this keyword can be used to refer to the object which receives the binding. This is helpful for resolving ambiguities with property names.

例如， Component.onCompleted handler below is defined within the scope of the Item . In this scope, width refers to the Item 's width, not the Rectangle 's width. To bind the Rectangle 's height to its own width , the binding expression must explicitly refer to this.width (or alternatively, rect.width ):

Item {
    width: 500
    height: 500
    Rectangle {
        id: rect
        width: 100
        color: "yellow"
    }
    Component.onCompleted: {
        rect.height = Qt.binding(function() { return this.width * 2 })
        console.log("rect.height = " + rect.height) // prints 200, not 1000
    }
}

注意： 值 this is not defined outside of property bindings. See JavaScript 环境限定了解细节。

另请参阅 锚点位置 .

内容

特性绑定

概述

从 JavaScript 创建特性绑定

调试绑定的覆写

使用 this 采用特性绑定

使用 `this` 采用特性绑定